Studying the Multi-frequency Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Signal

Abstract

The light-cone (LC) anisotropy arises due to cosmic evolution of the cosmic dawn 21-cm signal along the line-of-sight (LoS) axis of the observation volume. The LC effect makes the signal statistically non-ergodic along the LoS axis. The multi-frequency angular power spectrum (MAPS) provides an unbiased alternative to the popular 3D power spectrum as it does not assume statistical ergodicity along every direction in the signal volume. Unlike the 3D power spectrum which mixes the cosmic evolution of the 21-cm signal along the LoS $k$ modes, MAPS keeps the evolution information disentangled. Here we first study the impact of different underlying physical processes during cosmic dawn on the behaviour of the 21-cm MAPS using simulations of various different scenarios and models. We also make error predictions in 21-cm MAPS measurements considering only the system noise and cosmic variance for mock observations of HERA, NenuFAR and SKA-Low. We find that $100~{\rm h}$ of HERA observations will be able to measure 21-cm MAPS at $\geq 3σ$ for $\ell \lesssim 1000$