How X-rays heat the IGM in different 21-cm simulation codes: a comparison between Licorice and Beorn

Abstract

Any interpretation of the 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen using Bayesian inference methods can only be as accurate as the underlying simulation code used to model the state of the intergalactic medium (IGM). 3D radiative transfer (RT) simulation codes may capture complex physics, but are computationally expensive and, therefore, faster, more approximate codes have been developed. To improve our understanding of the convergence of simulation codes in the 21-cm science community, we present a comparison of the X-ray heating of the IGM modelled in Licorice, a 3D RT simulation code, and Beorn, a 1D RT code. We use Beorn to process sources extracted from Licorice simulations, using the same physics of the sources, in order to obtain two versions of the temperature of the IGM heated by X-rays. We observe a good agreement between the luminosity fields, mean temperatures, and global 21-cm signal of the two setups, but discrepancies in the distribution of temperature and 21-cm signal, which result in a $\sim 30\%$ difference in the 21-cm power spectrum. We attempt to isolate the approximations that lead to these differences and find that common approximations used in 1D RT codes produce effects of that magnitude. Using an emulator of the Licorice power spectra in an MCMC pipeline, we translate these differences between power spectra into differences between posterior distributions over the astrophysical parameters. We observe a typical bias between 1D posteriors of $\gtrsim 1 σ$ (with a noise level corresponding to 100h of SKA observations).