Enrico Rubiola
Abstract
Time, and equivalently frequency, is the most precisely measured physical quantity. It is therefore inevitable that virtually all domains of engineering and physics need reference oscillators. The oscillator noise can be decomposed into amplitude noise and phase noise. The latter, far more important, affects timing, for it is related to precision and accuracy of measurements. The oscillator, inherently, turns the phase noise of the internal parts into frequency noise. This is a necessary consequence of the Barkhausen condition, which states that the loop gain must be of one, with zero phase, for stationary oscillation. There follows that oscillator phase noise, which is the integral of the frequency noise, diverges in the long run. This is the Leeson effect. The topics covered can be divided into three parts. Chapter 1 addresses language and general physical mechanisms. Chapter 2 aims at understanding the inside of commercial oscillators through the analysis of the specifications. Chapter 3 and 4 focus on the use of the Laplace transform to describe the oscillator and its phase noise. Since spring 2004, I had the opportunity to give some seminars on noise in oscillators at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, at the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium, at the FEMTO-ST Laboratory, and at the Universite' Henri Poincare'. These seminars had the purpose to provide a TUTORIAL, as opposed to a report on advanced science, addressed to a variety of people including technicians, PhD students, and senior scientists. This booklet derives from these seminars, and from numerous discussions with colleagues.