On Characterizations of $σ$-Quasiconvexity

Abstract

We revisit classical gradient characterizations of quasiconvexity and provide corrected proofs that close gaps in earlier arguments. For the differentiable case of $σ$-quasiconvexity, we establish the full equivalence between several first-order conditions, resolving a remaining implication left open in the recent literature. Our approach yields a concise, self-contained proof of a classical characterization originally stated in the 1970s and sharpens the first-order theory for strong quasiconvexity.