Li-Li Li, Fu-Hu Liu, Muhammad Waqas, Rasha Al-Yusufi, Altaf Mujear
Abstract
Transverse momentum (mass) spectra of positively and negatively charged pions, positively and negatively charged kaons, protons and antiprotons produced at mid-(pseudo)rapidity in various collisions at high energies are analyzed in this work. The experimental data measured in central gold-gold, central lead-lead, and inelastic proton-proton collisions by several international collaborations are studied. The (two-component) standard distribution is used to fit the data and extract the excitation function of effective temperature. Then, the excitation functions of kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity, and initial temperature are obtained. In the considered collisions, the four parameters increase with the increase of collision energy in general, and the kinetic freeze-out temperature appears the trend of saturation at the top Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider.