Wenlong Bai, Jonathan Chisum
Abstract
Lens-based beam-forming antennas offer a low-power, low-cost alternative to hybrid beamforming antenna arrays. They are ideally suited to millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems due to their native beam-space operation and angular selectivity and minimal dependence of high-speed data converters. We discuss the design of a compact and low-cost lens-based beam-forming antenna for small form-factor platforms such as small-cells and mobile devices in 5G wireless networks. We discuss a gradient-index design method and low-cost fabrication method based on perforated dielectrics. We discuss the need for high-contrast permittivity ranges to achieve wide scan angles which are essential for leveraging the full capability of massive MIMO systems (e.g., full stream capacity). Finally, we show that by using an appropriately designed perforated medium, gradient-index lenses with low minimum permittivity of 1.25 can achieve a maximum beam-steering angle of 44 degrees. We suggest that such an approach can enable practical low-loss, low-cost, and compact beam-steering lens antennas for millimeter-wave MIMO with wide beam-steering angles.